Similarities between Marketing Research and Design Approaches

Introduction The definition of design usually depends on the field that the definition applies. This is not very strange given the differences in opinion regarding the fundamental components of design. Design as a function applies to the fashion industry as well as to the manufacturing industry. This function is also vital in the software industry as well as architecture. This explains why it is almost impossible to find a single definition for use across different fields.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities between Marketing Research and Design Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, design thinking is becoming the uniting thread that ties all the design approaches found in different fields. This refers to the approach, rather than the specific methods that designers use to develop design options. This paper explores the implications of design thinking to businesses. The fundament al inquiry that this paper deals with is whether marketers can benefit from design thinking. To achieve this, the paper examines design approaches and methods in order demonstrate their relevance to business. Design Approaches and Methods Design thinking is the overall philosophy that guides designers regardless of their fields. The first element of design thinking is that it focuses on people. The goal of design is to provide solution to various problems that people face. This means that any item that comes from a designer’s desk must meet the functional requirements needed to meet consumer needs. However, the designer must also think about how people will interact with the product. This aspect is called â€Å"emotional design†. Engineers use ergonomics to ensure that final designs are pleasant and suitable to use, while software designers use concept like intuitive design to make software products easy to use. The second element that governs design thinking is messag e. This concept arises from the realization that people interact with products, not just as functional items, but also as extensions of themselves. In this sense, people want products that feel right. People interact with products as an intimate part of their lives. The products send out a message about them to the wider community. For instance, the clothes people wear determine how people look at them. Designers must ensure that whatever they design sends out the message that the customers want. Lawyers want suits that project power and self-confidence, while musicians want attires that demand attention and brand them as musicians.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third element of design thinking is achieving balance between the art of design, and the science of design. The art of design refers to the freedom of thought, and the evaluation of possibilities in relation to a specific design process. The science of design ensures that the design options meet the constraints of a design project. Design thinking requires setting aside considerable time to explore the possibilities, and then subjecting these possibilities to extensive analysis to determine whether it is possible to turn them into real products. Design thinking is a disciplined process that has multiple manifestations. On one hand, engineering designers use linear thinking and iterated processes to develop products, while fashion designers tend to be free spirited. The level of linear thinking associated with design depends on the constraints associated with a design project. In engineering, the level of constraints is higher. Successful production of a design depends on the availability of materials that can meet the design specifications, and the existence of manufacturing processes for production. In other fields such as fashion design and fine art, constraints are fewer. This means th at the designers in these fields have more liberty to pursue intuitive designs. Design thinking, regardless of the field, required designers to posses both intuitive design skills, and linear design skills because they complement each other. An engineering designer with intuitive skills will produce use friendly products. For instance, the design of a gamepad requires a high level of intuitive thinking as well as linear thinking to ensure that the pad is easy to handle, and is functional. Implications of Design Approaches to Organizations, Managers, and Entrepreneurs Managers and entrepreneurs can learn a number of lessons from design thinking. Essentially, managers and entrepreneurs solve problems on a daily basis. Some of the problems require novel solutions because of their uniqueness. Other problems need innovative solutions because of their impact on the business. Entrepreneurs handle these situations more often because they usually have to develop the processes required to est ablish their businesses. Organizations also deal with various challenges that require attention. Design thinking can help them to deal with these problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities between Marketing Research and Design Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations, managers, and entrepreneurs can benefit from design thinking by making people their primary focus. Organizations exist to solve problems. These problems affect people. In this sense, a people centered approach to the development of solutions can help an organization to arrive at better solutions. In the case of managers, most of the problems they deal with concern their subordinates, and their customers. The design thinking implications for managers is that all solutions they arrive at should take into account the fact that they are dealing with people. For instance, solving problems associated with lateness for work re quires managers to find out whether employees who report late have other challenges such as small children, or unpredictable traffic, before creating rules. Similarly, entrepreneurs should always bear in mind that while their primary objective is to make profit, they must meet all the people-needs in their businesses to guarantee long-term success. The element of message in design thinking is very applicable to organizations, managers, and entrepreneurs. Organizations must ensure that everything they do communicate a consistent message to all stakeholders. The reason for this is that if an organization does not communicate a consistent message, stakeholders lose faith in the purpose of the organization. On the other hand, managers must also ensure that all the efforts they put in the management of their employees communicate the correct message to the employees. The message the manager should communicate is not the sloppiness of employees, if the problem lateness. This can damage th e working environment. Any measures adopted to curb lateness should communicate the exact problem. In the case of entrepreneurs, the challenge is even greater because of the variety of stakeholders. The balance between the art of design and the science thereof is also very vital for organizations, managers, and entrepreneurs. With growth, organizations tend to drift towards rigid processes that result in bureaucratic tendencies. This often stifles innovation and slows down decision-making. In other words, too much reliance on linear thinking can results in a monolithic structure that is unresponsive to environmental stimuli. Organizations must allow a healthy coexistence of structured processes, and unstructured initiatives especially in segments that have high growth potential. For managers, the difference between the science and the art of design is the degree of reliance on proven theories and operating procedures checked against the need for flexibility in decision-making.Advert ising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The willingness to institute flextime policies to help curb lateness is a good example of this balance if some employees can have manageable schedules by either reporting later or earlier for work. Entrepreneurs on the other hand tend to be intuitive. Many of them will thrive on the art side of design, at the cost of the science side. There is need to institute systems necessary for running the business. For instance, entrepreneurs should have predictable financial systems that allow them to receive payments and pay suppliers with ease. Successful businesses are contingent on strong financial management. Shaping Personal Approach to Learning, Knowledge and Design The discussion presented above illustrates how design thinking can help to strengthen other areas of business. While the second section deals with the possibilities presented by design thinking to the running of the organizations, they equally apply to marketing. In short, marketing deals with people just like the design pr ocess. All marketing efforts must focus on the people who are likely to buy a product. This fact demonstrates the need to look at design as a possible source of learning for marketing students. In particular, every marketing student needs to learn about people. On the issue of message, the relationship between design and marketing is very close. Marketers are very keen on the message that they put across to potential clients. In fact, marketers frame the language that an organization uses to market its products. This is a very intimate connection with design thinking because message is also a fundamental part of design thinking. The implication for marketing student and learners is that it is beneficial to understand the message the designers of a product or process intended to communicate when they designed the product. This can help a marketer to market the product more effectively. It also means that marketing practitioners need to pay attention to designers because designers inf use messages into products that marketers send to consumers. Collaboration can only improve the efficiency of marketing. Design thinking abhors constraints and promotes possibilities. The use of design thinking relegates the evaluation of ideas based on constraints to a later stage. In current marketing practice, the development of marketing strategies starts with the consideration of constraints. Marketing managers start by looking at the marketing budget, and the size of the marketing team. The application of design thinking to marketing means that marketers should evaluate the actual marketing needs, and consider how best to meet these needs, before considering the constraints. The reality is that many companies have very strict budgets. Budgets are however justified by the results. If a higher marketing budget results in a more effective marketing campaign, then it is naà ¯ve to limit marketing efforts to constraints. Conclusion It is clear that marketers can benefit from desig n thinking. In fact, design thinking is a welcome dimension in the operations of organizations as well as the work of managers and entrepreneurs. The main benefits that marketers can get from design thinking include the opportunity to focus on opportunities rather than constraints. Secondly, design thinking can help to improve the process of developing a marketing message. The third benefit is that design thinking can help marketers to perpetuate people-centered marketing. Reference List Brown, T 2009, Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation, Harper Collins, New York, NY. Ferrell, OC Hartline, MD 2008, Marketing Strategy, Cengage Learning, New York, NY. Liedtka, J Ogilvie, T 2011, Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers, Columbia University Press, New York, NY. Martin, RL 2009, The Design of Business: Why Design Thinking Is the Next Competitive Advantage, Harvard Business Press, Boston, MA. Robert, GB 2007, Bring ing User Experience to Healthcare Improvement: The Concepts, Methods and Practices of Experience-based Design, Radcliffe Publishing, Oxon. Verganti, R 2009, Design-Driven Innovation: Changing the Rules of Competition by Radically Innovating What Things Mean, Harvard Business Publishing, Boston, MA. This essay on Similarities between Marketing Research and Design Approaches was written and submitted by user Tomas Robinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essays

Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essays Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essay Comparison of Indian and Japanese cuisines Essay Index Page no Content 5-12 Comparison and contrast of characteristics of both the cuisines 13-16 Discussion of influences on both the cuisines 17-18 Discussion the definition of multi-cultural work nature of food and drink 19-20 Food trends 2011 vs 2012 Overview Wasabi is a sushi bar serving only sushi in Phoenix Mall in Vlman Nagar, Pune. It serves authentic, traditional sushi. Wasabi is Just 6 months old. Initially, there was great response for sushi but now sales are dipping down. One of the main reason is acceptability of sushi in its authentic form since many of the guest comment cards nsist they would like to have sushi with Indian tough to it. Owners of this restaurant are thinking of rebranding the restaurant that would offer sushi with Indian taste to it. This concept aims at providing Indian and Japanese Fusion Cuisine keeping in line with latest food trends in the market. I am currently working as Chef-De-partie in Wasabi and report to the Executive Chef who is Japanese. The Executive Chef has given me the responsibility to research the commercial feasibility of the fusion sushi and I am to assist him with the same. Background of sushi: The original type of sushi, known today as nare-zushi was first developed in Southeast Asia before introduction to Japan. Sushi literally means sour-tasting. The oldest form of sushi in Japan, narezushi still very closely resembles this process, wherein fish is fermented via being wrapped in soured fermenting rice which results in a sour taste. In Japan, narezushi evolved into oshizushi and ultimately Edomae nigirizushi, which is what the world today, knows as sushi. (Asian artmall, 2006) Contemporary Japanese sushi has little resemblance to the traditional lacto- fermented rice dish. Originally, when the fermented fish was taken out of the rice, only the fish was consumed and the fermented rice was discarded. As sushi evolved, vinegar was started to be added to the mixture for better taste and preservation. The vinegar amplified the rices sourness and was known to increase its shelf life, allowing the fermentation process to be shortened and eventually abandoned. The contemporary version, internationally known as sushi, was created by Hanaya Yohei (1799-1858). (Asian artmall, 2006) Today sushi has become a delicacy in Japan and is considered one of the most prestigious food items to be served. The increasing popularity of sushi has resulted in various variations all round the world. With Indian style food in the backdrop, how sushi can be served to the Viman Nagars masses so that it appeals them forms the crust of the assignment. . 1 Compare and contrast the characteristics of Indian and Japanese cuisines Both the Indian and Japanese cuisines have come a long way in terms of their evolution from the conventional era to the contemporary period. How both these cuisines differentiate is being discussed based on the following parameters: Conventional menu structures Japanese cuisine: A typi cal Japanese meal basically has four components: rice, a soup, the main dish, and pickles. Rice is the staple component and lies at the core of Japanese food culture. Soup is usually sipped slowly throughout a meal. (Ghildiyal, 2010) Indian Cuisine: Whereas Indian meal compromises of roti (bread), a vegetable/meat preparation (dry preparation or gravvy), a rice preparation which is generally plain rice accompanied with a dal-based curry-like preparation. (Ghildiyal, 2010) Course structures The standard traditional Japanese meal, IchiJu-sansai meaning one soup, three ides consists of soup, rice, pickles and three dishes or accompaniments is meant to be eaten all together and served all at once. Therefore the diners wait till all the dishes are assembled at the table and then eat from their individual bowls of rice, adding soup, pickles and condiments to taste and alternating with morsels of accompaniments. (webmd, 2006) Indian Cuisine: However, in case of Indian meals, the vegetable preparation and roti (bread) are generally served first. After the diner is satisfied with this course he is then served rice along with the dal-based curry. The diner mixes the curry along with the rice and can eat it along with the vegetable preparation. webmd, 2006) Eating habits Japanese Cuisine: Up until maybe 50 years ago most people ate soup and rice three meal day and occasionally ate dried, salted or fermented dish The characteristic way of eating Japanese cuisine is to alternate between eating the rice, soup and side dishes. (Mcwilliams, 2012) A traditional meal is served with rice, vegetables and miso (fermented soy bean paste) soup and fruit is often eaten as desert. Many dishes come with soy sauce or wasabi (very hot mustard-like green horseradish). Many urban Japanese have adopted the American way of eating†a big breakfast, light lunch, and a big dinner. Miso soup and rice are a dietary base, often eaten for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Breakfast (asa-gohan) generally consists of Juice, coffee, eggs and toast or rice. A typical breakfast consists of rice, miso soup, spinach and egg. Most people eat breakfast at home. Its hard to find a restaurant that serves breakfast. Many coffee ships have a set breakfast with a drink, toast, boiled egg and light food. On the weekends people eat pancakes or a traditional breakfast of miso oup, rice, egg, vegetable and fish. Lunch (hiru-gohan) is generally eaten by many people out due to work, grabbing a quick meal or snack such as a bowl of noodles, sandwiches, rice balls or even Chinese food. Dinner (ban-gohan) is generally an informal meal with meat or fish, rice and miso soup. Main dishes made at home, include thing things like curry rice, pork cutlets, meatloaf-like hamburgers, fried fish, stir fried chicken or pork dishes, and dishes made with tofu. Fancier dinners include some of the items listed below. Japanese often drink nothing with their meals; Miso soup often serves the purpose of a drink. Sometimes beer, wine, hot tea, cold tea, water or other drinks are served with their meals. An evening snack of fruit is commonly eaten. The accompaniments in Japanese food are generally pickled vegetables where vegetables are soaked in a mixture of vinegar and sugar. Indian The breakfast could be anything ranging from poorl (deep-fried fluffy Indian bread) and chole(chick- peas with tomato), idli ( a savory cake) and sambhar ( a lentil based dish) , poha (a rice preparation), paratha ( a flat Indian bread usually stuffed with different vegetables such as potatoes , spinach etc. nd many more. There is no restriction or generalization of what an individual could have in the breakfast in the morning. Most people however prefer a hot cup of tea or coffee in the morning. (Mcwilliams, 2012) The afternoon lunch is either home-packed (dabba) or is had in the canteens by the working class. The lunch includes the typical roti(bread), vegetable preparation, rice and dal-based curry with a swee t occasionally. Evening breakfast is generally lighter than the morning breakfast and is generally accompanied with a hot cup of tea or a coffee. The dinner is the same as afternoon unch including the typical roti(bread), vegetable preparation, rice and dal-based curry with a sweet occasionally. The accompaniments in Indian food generally include sliced onions, lemons, pickles (mango, lemon) and sometimes salads. Characteristics of food Japanese cuisine is mostly seafood-based and generally it doesnt have the thick spicy curries and gravies associated with Indian food. Though Japan accounts for only 2% of the worlds population, its people eat 10% of the worlds fish. The flipside of Japans fish craze means the Japanese eat less red meat. The Japanese diet includes huge amounts of rice. The main unique characteristic of rice which is grown in Japan is that it is more glutinous as compared to rice grown in India. When such type of rice is pounded it results in a sticky rice paste. This paste is shaped into cakes that can be grilled or perhaps wrapped in seaweed. Soups are also an integral part of Japanese cuisine and most of the soups are clear soups. They are also an integral part of Japanese breakfast. Red bell peppers, green beans, zucchini, eggplant, onions, burdock, tomatoes, green peppers, lettuce, carrots, spinach, bamboo shoots, beets, lotus root, turnips, daikon (or giant white radish), shiitake mushrooms, sweet otatoes, and seaweed (or sea vegetables), such as kombu, nor, and wakame all have a place in the Japanese diet. As many as four or five different varieties are served in a single meal and no one thinks it odd to have vegetable soup or a salad for breakfast. A typical Japanese dessert is an assortment of seasonal fruits, peeled, sliced, and arranged on a pretty plate. People do enjoy Western desserts like ice cream and cakes, but theyre usually offered in smaller portions and subtler flavors compared to the West. A cup of Japanese green tea is the perfect end to any meal. (Mcwilliams, 2012) Indian cuisine: The Indian cuisine is mostly spices-based which is intended to produce flavorful food consisting of whole or powdered chilli pepper (mirch), black mustard seed (sarso), cardamom (elaichi), cumin Oeera), turmeric (haldi), asafoetida (hing), ginger (a drak), coriander (dhania), and garlic (lehsun). One popular spice mix is garam masala, a powder that typically includes five or more dried spices, including cardamom, clove and cinnamon. Most of the food is vegetarian-based. Therefore a wide variety of vegetables are used in Indian preparations perhaps more than the Japanese cuisine. All Indian breads are flat. Most common is called Roti made with whole grain wheat flour. The diet of most of the people is based on the regional topography i. e people near the coastal region have seafood-based diet, people in North-India have more of a meat-based diet. Cooking methods To enjoy the fresh taste of seasonal products, Japanese cooking time for roasting and broiling is kept relatively short. (Kumakura, 2009) Indian cuisine: However, in Indian cooking, most of the curries involve the bhunao process, where any vegetable or meat is continually saut? ©ed and stir fried in onions, tomatoes, ginger, garlic, green chilies, and oil. Way of eating Japanese, traditionally, use chopsticks which are short, frequently tapered sticks used in pairs of equal length as eating utensils for noodles, rice and other preparations Also they dont use spoons to drink their soup but directly sip it from the bowls. Making sounds while sipping soup is not considered rude in their culture. On the contrary, it represents that one is enjoying the food served to him/her. (Kumakura, 2009) Indian cuisine: Indians generally prefer hands when having roti( bread) along with the vegetable preparation. Proper scooping technique involves making a boat-like shape with the oti, scooping up the curry without letting too much of the curry touch our fingers, and inserting the food into our mouth before anything spills out. Spoons could be used while consuming rice. List of condiments used A handful of Japanese condiments are available to personalise flavours. Wasabi is the pale green powdered root of the Japanese horseradish plant is used to garnish Sushi and add pungency (like Mustard or Mooli but with far more impact) to homemade dressings or sauces. Karashi is mustard, hotter than its western counterpart and used as a garnish or added to dressings and sauces. Shichimi or Ichimi Togarashi are Japanese chili powders used for sprinkling over noodles, miso soup, and stir-fried vegetables. Ichimi means one taste and consists of only Japanese chili pepper while Shichimi means seven tastes, and contains seven spices that include chilli, black sesame seeds, poppy seeds and hemp seeds among others. Sesame seeds, sesame oil, Gomashio (sesame salt), Furikake, Walnuts, Peanuts, red pepper, ginger, shiso (a flavourful herb), sansho (Sichuan peppercorn), citrus peel, Mitsuba (a fresh herb) and Monosodium Glutamate are other ingredients used in cooking or as table condiments. Kumakura, 2009) Indian cuisine: Spices are the very soul of Indian cuisine. They form the foundation of the cuisine that has existed for centuries. It is virtually impossible to cook any Indian dish without spices, even if they are only red chillies and salt. Bay leaves (teJ patta): An aromatic herb used for flavouring vegetables and meat. Black peppercorns (sabut kali mirch): A pungent aromatic condiment. Cardamoms (elaichi): One of the worlds most expensive spices, there are two varieties -the large, black-brown ones, which have a heavier favour and the small green ones which are aromatic and have a delicate lavour Carom seeds (aJwain): Also known as thymol or omum; used in pickles and vegetable dishes. Chilli and chilli powder: There are at least 20 known varieties of chilli powders. The range of chillies can be from white and yellow to saffron and red in colour While capsicums or peppers are mild and flavoured, Goan chillies are dark red in colour and not pungent. Green chillies are similar to fresh red chillies and their seeds are the most pungent. Red Kashmiri chillies are very mild and can be used for colouring and flavouring. Cinnamon (dalchini): Most Indian food is cooked with cassia bark, which is a good substitute for real cinnamon. However it does not have the delicate flavour of cinnamon as its flavour is much stronger. Ghildiyal, 2010) Cloves (bung): Cloves are the dried flower buds of an evergreen plant. The oil of cloves contains phenol, which is a good antiseptic and helps in preserving food. Coriander (dhaniya) seeds: Coriander seed powder is a very important spice in Indian food. Fresh coriander leaves are used for garnishing. Coriander has a strong, pungent smell b ut is almost indispensable to Indian cuisine. Cumin Oeera) seeds: Cumin seeds come in two varieties: white and black. The white variety is the more ommon one and is used as extensively as coriander seed powder while the black variety is more aromatic and peppery. Curry leaves (kadhi patta): These impart a subtle flavour when fried until they are crisp. They are popular in South Indian dishes. Fennel (moti saunf) seeds: Fennel seeds are a common ingredient for flavouring stocks, sauces, and curries. Used extensively as an ingredient in paan and as an effective digestive. Fenugreek seeds (methi dana): Fenugreek seeds are square, flat and yellowish-brown in colour Care must be taken in using the seeds as they are bitter and the quantity used must be controlled. Mace Oavitri): Mace is a part of the nutmeg. It is the shell of the nutmeg kernel. It has a flavour similar to nutmeg, but Is more delicate and is used in rice dishes. Mustard seeds (raJ):Tiny, dark, round seeds used for tempering in dais and pickles. Nutmeg Oaiphal): This is used to make fragrant garam masala. The kernel must be finely grated Just before use. Excessive use must be avoided as it can be poisonous. Onion seeds (kalonJi): Sprinkled over Indian breads and used in cooking vegetables. Pomegranate seeds (anar dana): Used in making savouries, and for giving a sour flavour. Poppy (khuskhus) seeds: White oppy seeds, roasted and ground, are used to provide a nutty flavour and to thicken gravies. Saffron (kesar): The worlds most expensive spice, saffron must be soaked in either warm milk or water and used at the end of cooking a dish. Tamarind (imli): The bitter-sweet, highly acidic pulp of the tamarind is used to flavour foods, and is a good source of iron, potassium and magnesium. Turmeric (haldi): Turmeric is a rhizome of the ginger family. (Ghildiyal, 2010) Portion control: Japanese portion sizes are small as compared to Indian cuisine. Indian cuisines: Indian portion sizes vary from region to region but are comparatively more as ompared to Japanese cuisines. The above differences can be summarized by the following table: Japanese Cuisine Indian Cuisine Conventional menu structure Four basic components: rice, a soup, the main dish, and pickles Four basic components: roti, vegetable/meat based preparation, rice, and dal-based curry Course structure All dishes are served once Roti and vegetable/ meat preparation first and then rice with dal-based curry Eating habits Food consumed during breakfast, lunch and dinner is different as compared to Indian cuisine. Also, accompaniments are different Food consumed during breakfast, unch and dinner is different as compared to Indian cuisine. Also, accompaniments are different Characteristics Sea-food based Inclusion of huge amounts of rice Soups integral part of meal Inclusion of wide variety of vegetables Extensive uses of spices Curry and gravy-based Inclusion of breads Diet varies from region to region unlike Japan Inclusion of wider variety of vegetables Cooking method Relatively shorter amount of time taken for roasting and boiling Bhunao process is used extensively Way of eating Chopsticks used as holding utensils, soups are sipped directly from bowl Hands are used directly to handle food while eating. Spoons used occasionally. Condiments used Wasabi, Karashi, shichimi, sesame seeds and oil, sansho, furikake etc Cinnamon, cardramom, bay-leaves, cumin, coriander, mace etc. Now let us look at some of the similarities between the two cuisines: Extensive used of vegetables Both the cuisines involve wide use of variety of vegetables. In the Japanese cuisine, these vegetables are generally soaked and pickled and served as accompaniments along with the main dishes. In the Indian cuisine, the vegetables are saut? ©ed or stir- fried to from thick curries or gravies or even dry preparations. Sharing of food Both the cuisines give utmost importance to the hospitality aspect of service. In both the cuisines, food is served in common bowls and shared amongst those sitting on the dining table. Cooking ideologies Even though both the cuisines use different cooking methods, the ideology behind them is more or less the same. The Japanese believe in retaining the original natural flavor of any ingredient and therefore prefer to eat food which is not cooked thoroughly. Whereas, the Indians believe in using spices to incorporate their flavor into their food to make the final produce more flavorful. Both the cuisines believe in aking use of freshest seasonal local produce. Presentation Both the cuisines believe in the concept of encouraging the diner to eat with their eyes by enjoying the beauty of their food. For example. The knife used to cut sashimi is a long knife beveled on one side. The sharpness of the edge and the slicing method involves pulling the knife on the fish, which does not damage the tissues, maintaining its umami (savouriness). Itamae (specialist chefs of Japanese cuisine) make the technique look easy, but it requires extensive training. Sushi is similar, maintaining the tissue fluid in the slices of fish, so its taste in combination ith the sushi rice can be appreciated. Similarly, lots of India chefs now-a-days are paying a lot of attention to the creative and presentation aspect of food which is served to the guests so that it looks more eye-appealing and the guests can enjoy it more. 1. 2 Discuss influences in world cuisine Japanese cuisine 1. Geographical conditions Sea-food based cuisine Japan is a long island about 3,500 km in length from north-east to southwest, situated in the Pacific Ocean to the east of the Eurasian bloc. The surrounding sea is a mixture of warm and cold streams, giving abundant varieties of fish. Beside the wide variety of fish that are available in the ocean, there are several types of fresh fish and edible planktons available locally in the rivers and lakes as well. Due to this large supply of fish, Japanese cuisine is sea-food based. (Kumakura, 2009) Inclusion of vegetables/ rice in cuisine The Japanese climate is characterized by warm monsoons, although the northern region is temperate and the southern islands subtropical. As a result, distinct changes over four seasons are experienced, which has been an important factor in Japanese cuisine. There are two rainy seasons in Japan. One is in June (Tsuyu: plum ain) and the other is in September (Akisame: autumn rain). The annual rainfall averages 2,000 mm, so fresh water is abundant. This water provides benefits to Japanese agriculture, allowing cultivation of rice, vegetables and fruit. (Kumakura, 2009) 2. Eating habits Portion control The Japanese food dishes are generally served in smaller portions. They believe eating in moderation helps keep an individual healthy. In Japan, food is served on separate small plates and bowls instead of on one big plate. Diners take turns having little tastes of everything. Japanese believe serving smaller portions is one of the best ecrets for eating healthfully and losing weight. Also, inclusion of nutritious foods like tofu, rice, vegetables and even fish which is believed to have anti-carcinogenic properties makes they believe that they follow a healthy diet. Also, the reason for this being that many Japanese like to enjoy different foods so that they can sample. Rice for example is a staple in the diet, and they eat a small bowl full and then go back for more if wanted. The portions themselves are smaller; however the choices to pick and eat from can be huge during a meal. (Kumakura, 2009) 3. Religion Majority of people in Japan follow Buddhism. Because of the respect for life, Buddhists may abstain from eating meat and fish. However, these foods are not strictly forbidden and many dishes do contain some meat and fish. Rice is the staple of the diet and eating in moderation is encouraged by this religion. (Mcwilliams, 2012) 4. Raw ingredients A primary characteristic of Japanese cuisine is the enjoyment of the raw taste of food, without using strongly flavored sauces. Japanese therefore keep the cooking time for roasting and broiling relatively short to enjoy the fresh taste of seasonal products and accompaniments are served in accordance to the main dish served. For ex. Shoyu (soy sauce) enhances the flavor of the raw fish. (Kumakura, 2009) 5. Lifestyle The country is geared towards an active lifestyle which centers around three key aspects: work, socializing and recreation. Most of the people walk for 3-5 kms daily and therefore there is a need for high-carbohydrate diet to keep them energetic and fresh. This is the reason why they consume simple-carbs based diet like rice, noodles, soya etc. Indian cuisine Spices based cuisine, inclusion of wide variety of vegetables Indian cuisine uses a wide variety of spices in its food preparations. The spices are used to flavor the food, aking each dish distinct and aromatic. Each spice by itself imparts a very unique flavor, but when used together with other spices, the combination and permutation of different spices change the individual characteristics. The extensive use of spices is because India has favorable climatic and soil conditions for growing spices and other semi-tropical herbs. Also, the fertile plains of a majority of rivers across India encourage agriculture in the early era and since then wide variety of vegetables are grown making it a national profession ever since. Therefore, the cuisine involves use f a wide variety of vegetables. No generalization of the cuisine Unlike the Japanese cuisine, the Indian cuisine cannot be generalized by any one characteristic. Since India is a huge nation which is divided into different regions, culturally different cuisines have evolved in their own way in such parts. The multi- cuisine structure involves the following cuisines: (Muller, 2002) Bengali Food Bengali cuisine is appreciated for its fabulous use of panchphoron, a term used to refer to the five essential spices, namely mustard, fenugreek seed, cumin seed, aniseed, and black cumin seed. The specialty of Bengali food lies in the perfect blend of sweet and spicy flavors. Gujarati Food The traditional Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian and has a high nutritional value. The typical Gujarati thali consists of varied kinds of lip smacking dishes. Gujarati cuisine has so much to offer and each dish has an absolutely different cooking style. Kashmiri Food Kashmiri food that we have today in the restaurants has evolved over the years. Highly influenced by the traditional food of the Kashmiri pundits, it has now taken some of the features of the cooking style adopted in Central Asia, Persia and Afghanistan. Mughlai Cuisine Mughlai cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines, whose origin can be traced back to the times of Mughal Empire. Mughlai cuisine consists of the dishes that were prepared in the kitchens of the royal Mughal Emperors. Indian cuisine is predominantly influenced by the cooking style practiced during the Mughal era. Punjabi Food The cuisine of Punjab has an enormous variety of mouth-watering vegetarian as well as non vegetarian dishes. The spice content ranges from minimal to pleasant to high. Punjabi food is usually relished by people of all communities. In Punjab, home ooking differs from the restaurant cooking style. Rajasthan Food The cuisine of Rajasthan is primarily vegetarian and offers a fabulous variety of mouthwatering dishes. The spice content is quite high in comparison to other Indian cuisines, but the food is absolutely scrumptious. Rajasthans use ghee for cooking most of the dishes. Rajasthani food is well known for its spicy curries and delicious sweets. South Indian Cuisine The cuisine of South India is known for its light, low calorie appetizing dishes. The traditional food of South India is mainly rice based. The cuisine is famous for its onderful mixing of rice and lentils to prepare yummy lip smacking dosas, vadas, idlis and uttapams. (Bali, 2010) 2. Religion In spite of the cultural differences across India, majority of people follow Hinduism and Jainism. Both these religions strictly forbid consumption of any form of meat and therefore most of them are vegetarians. Cow is considered sacred and therefore beef is not consumed by these people. Avoidance of alcohol is observed by such people to avoid any possible loss of self-control Fasting may also be done at various times of the year during various celestial events and other special days. (Mcwilliams, 2012) However, in the last few years, people have broken free from their bondage of religious restrictions and started consuming meat. The most common meat eaten in India is chicken because cattle-rearing has become easy and has huge potential from the commercial aspect. 3. Cooking methods As stated earlier, the main aim of Indian cuisine is to make the food flavorful and aromatic by incorporating the flavor of different spices and condiments in their preparations. As a result of this, bhunao process is used which includes saut? ©ing and stir-frying vegetables/ meat for a long period of time until the desired level of aroma and flavor is obtained.

Human resources development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resources development - Coursework Example (Blume, 2012). Theorist workers are the perfectionists who permanently select reasons and theories previously creating a conclusion. They are authoritarian to systematic and judiciousness of any mission or objective to be completed. Their judgments are not from their capability or earlier learning. They create exploration and founded on their coherent results on the recent situation, they derive to a decision. Pragmatists are applied in natural surroundings and effort to take any chance that derives. They affection to earnings tasks and create result by increasing self-confidence over learning and practice. They are prepared to takings new duty and construct up expertise for that reason. The learners are capable to get used to rapidly in varying circumstances, challenging atmosphere and jobs. The position firm has produced for the staffs and administrators requirement these kinds of learners to be capable to suitable themselves and progress giving to the necessities. (Grugulis, 2007). Reflectors usually don’t takings creativities, exploration for chances. They take a pew back, gather information, investigation, think about it systematically and then create a reasonable conclusion. These people usually don’t take part energetically in conversation only pay attention to others to create own ideas. Reflective learners are slow in increasing and judging a condition because they devote a lot of energy in examining the data, theory and the result. As they create own opinions afterward a long and detailed analysis, the probabilities of deviation and difficulties in their conclusions are small. They are effective in result making, but not effective. The learning curve is the constant development method which is grown complete capability. To take effectiveness and accomplishment slowly to a new task situation learning curve is very important to

California Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

California Dream - Essay Example The history of the notion traces its roots in late 19th century, when California was considered to be the golden state of America, as it literally had huge golden resources, which led to the California Gold Rash of 1848-1855 (Brands 103).Hence, bunches of immigrants flew to California, hoping to gain easy wealth and live happily ever after. Since then the name of California became closely related to the image of smooth happy life with wealth and prosperity. California Dream initially meant the life that Americans strived to achieve, because they believed that moving to California would mean constant luck and prosperity. One of the important reasons why California was considered to be a heaven on earth is because California is a state rich for resources, pleasant climate, and multiple job opportunities. In some time the original term was slightly changed and transformed in people’s minds. As far as California was rapidly growing, multiple industries have appeared in the state. They include film production of Hollywood, the Silicon Valley with its enormous technological development, California wine industry etc. The brand new industries created new job places and vast career opportunities. The image of California that used to be engaged with golden resources turned into the image of California as a state of the most ambitious and wealthy industries possible. Hence, California has preserved its image of America’s golden state, as it is still a pleasant region for many people who believe that living in California makes people more successful and happier. Although people are not coming to California looking for placer gold mines, working in such industries as filmmaking and Silicon Valley’s progressive technological area for most people means a constant resource of pleasure, glory, and money. This is the reason why the concept of California dream has become so popular in American mass culture, as

A Clinical Trails Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Clinical Trails - Research Paper Example Research specialists enroll volunteers or patients into pilot studies to conduct specified tests depending on the product type and development stage (Yang, 2010). Clinical trials vary in intensity. They can be performed in a single country or multiple countries. They are expensive to carry out. The burden of payment gets usually bestowed on the sponsor of the research. Sponsors may include government agency or health organizations (Yang, 2010). The objectives of clinical trial are to test how well medicine will work on patients. For every clinical trial, there exists a guideline of how to carry out the trial (Yang, 2010). The plan discusses what is to be done, how it will be done, and the importance of all aspect in the study. This includes the importance the general study. There are rules guiding on how to choose the participants in the study. The main factor in choosing the participants is volunteering when a person has sufficient knowledge (Pocock, 2004). They volunteer’s health status will be determined by the study since some may need healthy individuals and others may need individuals with certain diseases (Pocock, 2004). In other instances, gender is used to determine a viable volunteer. There are independent committees set to determine the procedures and monitor the whole exercise. These committees are made up of physicians, statisticians, and members of the community. The committee emphasizes the need to educate all the subjects liable to tests so that they can know the effects of every aspect of the trials (Pocock, 2004). In so doing, the subjects will be well aware of the risks involved such that volunteering shall be out of free will. Since the tests are conducted to human subjects, they are eligible to many legal aspects (Pocock, 2004). They are carried out in four phases. Because the life of an individual may be at risk during the trials, the law provides strict guidelines that facilitate a safe environment

Four Main Forms Of Deviance Criminology Essay

Four Main Forms Of Deviance Criminology Essay There are four main forms of deviance, those are societal deviance this is an act which most of society would agree is not classed as part of normal behaviour. Drug abuse could be considered as societal deviance, most of society believes that it is not normal and encourages criminal behaviour. Drug users become outcasts and are considered to be deviants. Concealed deviance is that which no one sees, something which a person can keep hidden away it is still considered not part of societies set of norms. A man, who likes to dress up in womens clothes, could be considered a concealed deviant as they do this in the privacy of their own homes. This however, is considered to be not normal behaviour of the wider society and he would be considered deviant. In Arab countries such as Dubai and Yemen it is socially unacceptable, due to the religious culture of these countries for women to be seen without wearing the traditional hijab, however in western society any women wearing one is seen as being deviant as it is not part of western culture. This would be considered situational deviance, where it is only considered deviance in the culture you are in at that time and may not be considered deviant by every society. There is also collective or public deviance, this is deviance shared by a group of people which does not conform to that which is considered social norms, however follow a set of norms they have created within their own subculture. Gang culture could be described as deviant as most would say that the values of the gangs would not conform to the values of normal society. This is considered anti-social behaviour and in 2003 the government considered this a problem they created the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (legistlation.gov.uk). Crime is considered to be the act of breaking the law of the society you are in however, a crime can often be considered deviant by some societies. An example of this is speeding, some may consider speeding to be deviant however the police and social institutions consider this to be a crime. Although we have a set of laws and social norms in this country these may not be considered either crime or deviance in other cultures. With the introduction of the Firearms Act 1968 it became illegal for anyone in the United Kingdom to freely carry a weapon on their persons and all weapons had to be locked away (legistlation.gov.uk) however in some states of America people can still carry firearms in their everyday life. Troyer and Markles (1983) study of smoking in the USA illustrated how attitudes to smoking and cigarettes changed over time, and in fact ended with smoking being bans being introduced in the 1990s. During the late 19th century smoking was considered deviant behavior by many as it was associated with low social status and immigrants. Women who smoked were thought to be particularly deviant as it was also associated with prostitution. These attitudes began to change after World War 1, and smoking began to increase however by the end of the 1940s smoking was considered a socially acceptable with people of all classes now choosing to smoke. With the advance of science came the downfall of the cigarette and by the 1960s evidence towards smoking ruining health began to surface. This led to the ban of cigarette related advertising in 1970 and the eventual ban on smoking in public (Troyer Markle, 1983 as cited in Moore et al, 2006). Some believe that the need to commit crime comes from biological construction that certain types of people have hormonal or brain differences which causes them to become deviant from society and makes them more inclined to commit crimes. Cesare Lombroso one of the first criminologists did studies of criminals and believed that you could tell what crime a person committed just by how they looked, that physical abnormalities in a person made them more likely to commit crimes. This theory has now been discredited but some do still believe that there are some biological factors contributing to why people commit crime. Over time and as social attitudes change so do the norms and values of those societies these can often lead to acts which were once considered crimes or deviant to become norms. Until 1969 homosexuality was considered a crime and anyone caught would be brought before a judge and punished. In 1967 it became legal for men over the age of 21 to have consensual sex in private. This age was then lowered in 1994 and 2001. (Haralambos Holborn, 1980). It is now considered a norm to see couples of the same sex. Crimes change with time and culture and what is considered a crime in one society may not be in another, it is believed by most that crime is a social construction made up by norms and values of each society and culture. As each society evolves with time so does its set of Norms. Can we ultimately say that we gain our knowledge of what is right or wrong comes from the society we live in and the values that are set upon us as not everyone brought up in the same society falls into criminal or deviant behavior. References Anon.(2012) Firearms Act 1986(online). Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/27/contents (accessed: 18th October 2012) Anon. (2012) Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (Online). Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/38/contents (accessed: 18th October 2012) Moore S et al. (2006) Sociology A2 for OCR. 2nd Ed. London: Collins Haralambos, M and Holborn, M. (2004) Sociology, Themes and Perspectives. 6th Ed. HarperCollins: London Troyer, R.J and Markle, G.E (1983) Cigarettes: The battle over smoking. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Cited in Moore et al. (2006) Sociology A2 for OCR 2nd Ed. London: Collins Type: Outline: Strengths: Weaknesses: Police Statistics These are the official statistics that are used by the government, they based on what is reported to the police and also can tell which crimes have been resolved They can be used to show what types of crime are most prevalent in which areas. Police statistics can be useful in showing how many crimes get reported and what sort of crime is being reported. Not all crimes get reported so often the statistics cannot be 100% reliable Not all crimes can be categorised a crime and what one force might consider one type of crime another might not for example, distinguishing between burglary and theft. Often these statistics can be manipulated to show better results Doesnt take into account the dark figure of crime. Victimisation Surveys These studies, the main being The British Crime Survey, were introduced by the government to try and uncover the dark figure of crime. They choose a section of people at random and ask them to talk about crimes which they may not have reported and crimes which have been reported within the last year which they have been victim of. They are now considered part of the official statistics used by the government They account crimes which may have not been reported to the police They can help to uncover the dark figure of crime It goes deeper than the police statistics They rely on people remembering if or what crimes were committed against them They rely on people telling the truth about crimes committed Still assumes that everyone defines what is or isnt a crime the same way Self-Report Studies These studies are not part of the national crime statistics used by the government. They are questionnaires which rely on people admitting to crimes which they commit. Can be used to compare against official states to high light differences Can highlight crimes that are not generally report Again relies on peoples memory It relies on people telling the truth about the crimes they committed. May only concentrate on only a limited range of groups.

Comparing the Oedipus of Sophocles and Senaca :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing the Oedipus of Sophocles and Senaca         The myth of Oedipus is one of a man brought down by forces aligning against him. Over the years, different playwrights have interpreted his character in various fashions. In Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Oedipus is a man who is blind to the path on which his questions take him and exemplifies the typical tyrannical leader in ancient times; in Senaca’s Oedipus, it is the fear of his questions that give Oedipus a greater depth of character, a depth he must overcome if he is to survive his ordeal. Sophocles creates a character of extreme wrath and ferocity to deal with the source of the blight on the city. He curses out the killer of King Laius, the killer who has brought the blight. "Upon the murderer I invoke this curse – whether he is one man and all unknown or one of many – may he wear out if life in misery and doom! If with my knowledge he lives at my hearth I pray that I myself feel my curse. On you I lay my charge to fulfill all of this for me, for the God, and for this land of our destroyed and blighted, by the God forsaken (Soph. O.T. 245-254)." When it is suggested that Oedipus himself could be the source of the plague, his anger emerges in full force. "(Truth has strength,) but not for you (Teiresias); it has no strength for you because you are blind in mind and ears as well as in your eyes (Soph. O.T. 370-371)." The Oedipus of Senaca’s play is not nearly so rash. He seems to dread what will come from his exploration into the death of Laius, even though the condition of his city is just as terrible as that of Sophocles’. "I shudder, wondering which way fate will steer. My shaky mood could waver either way. When joys and griefs so close together lie, the mind is doubtful. How much should one see? How much is best to know? I’m dubious (Sen. Oed. 204-208)." This Oedipus even has thoughts that the plague might have something to do with him, that his rule might be the pollution that has descended upon the city (Sen. Oed. 40). It is this anxiety that Seneca wishes to bring out in his play, one of the emotion s that are the downfall of man.

Writing Assignment

Thomas Friedman's perspectives on the topic of Mooch and their ability to deliver writing instruction online. The second option is to write an essay in which you take the role of Karen Head and respond to Thomas Friedman and David Brooks on the topic of Mooch and their ability to deliver writing instruction online. The third option is to write a comparison-contrast essay on Neil Postman and Thomas Friedman's viewpoints on the topic of Mooch and their ability to deliver writing instruction online.The fourth option is to write n essay in which you take the role of Neil Postman and respond to Thomas Friedman and David Brooks on the topic of Mooch and their ability to deliver writing instruction online. The fifth option is to write an essay in which you take the role of Kate Keeper and respond to Thomas Friedman and David Brooks on the topic of online writing instruction in general and on whether Mooch are able to deliver writing instruction online. The sixth option is to write a compari son-contrast essay on the ideas of parenting of Amy Chug and of Hanna Rosin.This option does not involve analyzing Mooch or online education at all. It might be a nice option if you do not prefer to write on the topic of Mooch or online education. Please consult http:info. Mums. Decorticating/WRITING_SASS/ wall _WRITING _ SASS_options-?HTML for more details, including the essays and articles you should write about. Grading Rubric: Introduction and thesis: Topic is introduced in an engaging way and essay has a clear and effective thesis statement. (1 0 points) Body content: Essay supports the thesis statement with strong, well-reasoned support. (30 points) Writing Assignment Elena Crossovers paper is on ethnic and gender differences, she enforces that â€Å"SIAM-Kim and his peers (Jenny, Meaning, and Jack) occupy a central focus of the narrative† (5), in line with the development that children in Choky's novel are most audacious in terms of defying racial confines. Cherokee provides insight to these impassible borders when she discusses â€Å"Choosy characters [who] repeatedly try and fail (often with violent uniqueness) to subvert them† (9), using multiple examples of the children characters in the novel.The scenes created by Ways Choc and discussed in Crossovers paper are appreciated for making clear the effort of children to push racial boundaries and limitations seemingly forbidden by their elders. She does this by dissecting the motives of each character, beginning with the tried â€Å"attempts by Chinatown elders to constrain Meaning she appears capable Of subverting boundaries.Though relegated to the home as a nanny for Seeks (the y oungest Chin brother), Meaning strategically escapes this limitation, crossing not just gender but also ethnic borders† (1 0), opening the doors for other girls in the novel, such as Jenny. Cherokee agrees that â€Å"Choc depicts Jenny flirting with the idea of border crossing throughout her youth, stepping briefly across lines and testing limits† (10-11), something elders would not do in All That Matters.

Comparing Writing Styles of Faulkner and Gilman essays

Comparing Writing Styles of Faulkner and Gilman essays I. Writing instructors often tell people to write what they know. When Faulkner wrote A Rose for Miss Emily, he was familiar with the Deep South and its attitudes toward women. When Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote The Yellow Wall-Paper, she was familiar with societys beliefs at the time about whether women should have intellectual pursuits. Although the two stories are told differently, each author has produced a story about a woman who was emotionally unstable, and each story has been colored by the beliefs at the time regarding women. II. Faulkner grew up in the Deep South, and presumably, heard many tales about the Civil War. In his story, he drew on those experiences to create a quietly chilling picture a womans declining years. He hides the history of her life in the history of the town and of the house in which Miss Emily lived. For instance, he shows how time has passed her by describing the gas station on the corner of her street where a cotton gin had once stood. Because the story has a narrator, we can only infer what Miss Emilys life was like, and her descent into madness is only revealed after her death. III. The Yellow Wallpaper is written in first person, giving the reader a clear look into the mind of a woman as she descends into insanity. The protagonist of Gilmans story, who is never called by name, is kept in a large attic room because her husband, a doctor, believes it will help cure her. Although she loves to write, she has to write furtively and secretly because her husband believes that such intellectually taxing activities will only make her worse. It becomes clear to the reader that it is the incessant boredom that is aggravating the womans condition. The first person narrative approach creates an interesting presentation because we see the story only through the womans eyes, and it becomes apparent that her understanding ...

Camp David essays

Camp David essays Camp David used to be known as Shangri-La. That is what FDR had named the camp. Beginning in 1938, a summer recreational camp in the Catoctin Recreation Demonstration Area (RDA) was developed for the use of Federal government workers and their families. Called Hi-Catoctin, it offered small cabins, a dining hall and a swimming pool. In summer even the White House, which had air conditioning, was so uncomfortable that the doctors were concerned for FDR's health. The President needed a retreat. Thus the search began for a location near D.C. where the President could relax away from the White House pressures and the D.C. summer heat. The RDA camp Hi-Catoctin was selected. The President's gain was the Federal employees' loss. Therein begins the story of Shangri-La/Camp David. President Eisenhower changed the name of Shangri la to Camp David. The first time President Nixon visited he walked out to look at the Camp David sign which then said Camp Three. He wanted the old sign put back up and was promised it would be done by the next morning. Except that it could not be found. It was supposed to be, and had been, stored in the loft of the carpenter shop but someone had moved or taken it. Since it ws gone they had to make a new old looking sign. The Chief Builder in charge of the carpenter shop was rumored that as a part time job he was an expert at "making" antique furniture. And so the Chief builder worked all night to make the new sign. In the morning it was hanging in place when Nixon strolled out to look at it. No one new the difference and the original sign never was found. The entrance gate at one time was a log across the road and manned by a single sailor. But during WWII a 130 man detachment of Marines provided security for the Camp. Housed at a nearby camp, they manned security post 24 hours a day. At the close of WWII the Marine detachment departed the area. They were replaced by two sailors, one at the gate and ...

Investigation of the causes of failure of Lehman Brothers with special Dissertation

Investigation of the causes of failure of Lehman Brothers with special reference to agency problems - Dissertation Example This research study mainly focuses on answering the question related to possible agency problems that were instrumental in the failure of Lehman Brothers. It also evaluates other possible reasons of its failure. The research study was conducted through a literature review and the case study research method. The report relies primarily on secondary research, making use of the existing literature from various articles, journals, and newspapers. The findings of this study suggested that agency problems played a significant the fallout of Lehman Brothers with the company managers involved in taking several risky investment decisions, less on behalf of the owners of the company and more in the interests of top management. The high amount of incentive compensations offered to the top executives encouraged them to resort to such business strategies. Apart from the failure of risk management control within the company, its complex organisational structure and the adverse impact of global financial crisis also played a role in the collapse of Lehman Brothers. This research study can thus be helpful in conducting further research on agency problems that can arise in other business organisations worldwide. It can be helpful for companies to develop various means to overcome such problems, leading to more sustainable and less risky growth and development. Table of Contents Tables and Figures 2 Chapter I: Introduction 3 1.1Rationale of the Study 5 1.2Aims and Objectives of the Study 6 1.3Research Questions 6 Chapter II: Literature Review 7 2.1 Subprime Crisis 7 2.2 Agency Theory 8 2.3 Agency Problems 9 2.3.1 Contracts 11 2.3.2 Incentive Contracts 12 2.3.3 Management Discretion 13 2.3.4 Evidences Related to Agency Costs 13 2.4 Causes of Failure of Lehman Brothers 14 2.4.1 Complex Organisational Structure 16 2.4.2 Valuation Issues 17 2.4.3 Risk Management Issues 17 2.4.4 Sarbanes-Oxley Act 18 Chapter III: Research Methodology 19 3.1 Type of Research Method 19 3.2 Data Sources 19 3.3 Case Study Research 19 3.5 Research Design 20 3.5.1 Construct Validity 20 3.5.2 Internal Validity 21 3.5.3 External Validity 21 3.5.4 Reliability 22 Chapter IV: Findings and Analysis 22 4.1 Secondary Research Findings 22 4.1.1 Lehman Brothers and its Organisational Structure 22 4.1.2 Lehman Brothers’ Financials 23 4.1.3 Executive Compensations 24 4.2 Findings 25 4.3 Analysis and Discussions 25 Chapter V: Conclusion 26 Works Cited 28 Tables and Figures Figure 1.1 24 Figure 1.2 25 Chapter I: Introduction The financial industry worldwide experienced a great shock with the event of the bankruptcy filing by Lehman Brothers on 15 September, 2008. It is considered to be one of the largest filing of bankruptcy by any organization in United States. This significant incident occurred in the midst of

Role model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role model - Essay Example He became well-known for his non-violent resistance to reach his political and social goals to win independence for India. His belief of nonviolence influenced other civil rights movement leaders, such as Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela. Gandhi’s influence can still be found through peace organizations that have been created throughout the world. His personal world view is still having a huge impact on today’s modern world. Mahatma Gandhis belief of nonviolence, which he called satyagraha, has often been mistranslated as "passive resistance," but it literally means "holding to the truth† (Gersom, 1992). Nonviolence does not mean just being passive instead of aggressive, but also means to ‘gain freedom peacefully’. Gandhi’s teachings can be correctly applied into the lives of people today in all walks of life. Gandhi’s teachings can become powerful only when every person is using them. "Nonviolence is the greatest force humanity has been endowed with," Gandhi wrote to the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1926 (Dear, 2006). Gandhi’s beliefs about nonviolence are that it can be used as a weapon itself when trying to win peace. Using nonviolence instead of violence is not always an easy path. Sometimes people become too angry and cannot control their violent actions or words. However, nonviolence can offer an amazing power to fight with, as opposed to the weapons of t he enemies, which are far weaker than nonviolence. Part of Gandhi’s teachings was that violence is always more suitable than cowardice. Gandhi first used satyagraha in September 1906 with a gathering of three thousand Indians. Gandhi stated that they needed to protest calmly and without anger; they needed to suffer with the consequences of their protest instead of turning to violence. In the end, however, the British government arrested the protestors (Duvall, 2006). This act of Gandhi and his